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A cartoon representing neurotransmitters crossing a synapse. (credit: University of Connecticut)

Neurons communicate by sending chemical signals called neurotransmitters across synapses, specialized connections between two individual cells. This communication requires a delicate and intricate molecular architecture. A recent paper published in Nature has now shown that the structure of this intercellular space is more complicated than previously thought, and it probably helps boost the efficiency of the signaling.

The authors of this paper imaged three proteins found in the cell that start the signaling process. (Generically called presynaptic proteins, the ones looked at here are RIM1, RIM2, Munc13, and bassoon.) Each of these proteins was specifically tagged, and the authors plotted the density of their distribution across the active zones of the synapse.

The team then developed an algorithm that allowed it to identify small clusters of proteins based on their local density. These nanoclusters were more likely to be located near the center of each synapse than near the synaptic edges. This wasn’t true of all the proteins, but at least two were tightly restricted and a third less so (bassoon was almost uniform throughout the synapse).

The value of bitcoins plummeted 20 percent after almost 120,000 units of the digital currency were stolen from Bitfinex, a major Bitcoin exchange.

The Hong Kong-based exchange said it had discovered a security breach late Tuesday, and has suspended all transactions.

“We are investigating the breach to determine what happened, but we know that some of our users have had their Bitcoins stolen. We are undertaking a review to determine which users have been affected by the breach. While we conduct this initial investigation and secure our environment, bitfinex.com will be taken down and the maintenance page will be left up,” said the company on its website.

(credit: IBM)

IBM Research in Zurich has created the world's first artificial nanoscale stochastic phase-change neurons. IBM has already created a population of 500 of these artificial neurons and used them to process a signal in a brain-like (neuromorphic) way.

This breakthrough is particularly notable because the phase-change neurons are fashioned out of well-understood materials that can scale down to a few nanometres, and because they are capable of firing at high speed but with low energy requirements. They are also stochastic—i.e. they always produce slightly different, random results, like biological neurons—which is very important as well.

Enough fluff—let's talk about how these phase-change neurons are actually constructed. At this point, it might help if you look at the first diagram in the gallery.