
(credit: NASA)
Up to a certain point, the elements of the periodic table are largely formed in the hearts of stars. But for elements that are heavy enough (heavier than zinc typically), fusing two lighter nuclei just won’t do it. To form those elements, another process is needed: neutron capture.
Neutrons get captured when they collide with an atomic nucleus and get stuck together, creating a heavier nucleus. Neutrons can undergo these collisions at lower energies because they’re electrically neutral so they won’t be repelled, unlike protons. If the resulting nucleus is unstable, however, one of its neutrons can decay into a proton, creating a heavier element.
A lot of heavy elements are formed by neutron capture, but the details of how it happens haven't been well worked out. That's in part because there are two kinds of neutron capture processes: the slow process (s-process) and rapid process (r-process). Each of these accounts for about half of the elements produced by neutron capture in our Universe.