Month: February 2023

Enlarge / Two generations of Google's Sycamore processor. (credit: Google Quantum AI)

Today, Google announced a demonstration of quantum error correction on its next generation of quantum processors, Sycamore. The iteration on Sycamore isn't dramatic—it's the same number of qubits, just with better performance. And getting quantum error correction isn't really the news—they'd managed to get it to work a couple of years ago.

Instead, the signs of progress are a bit more subtle. In earlier generations of processors, qubits were error-prone enough that adding more of them to an error-correction scheme caused problems that were larger than the gain in corrections. In this new iteration, adding more qubits and getting the error rate to go down is possible.

We can fix that

The functional unit of a quantum processor is a qubit, which is anything—an atom, an electron, a hunk of superconducting electronics—that can be used to store and manipulate a quantum state. The more qubits you have, the more capable the machine is. By the time you have access to several hundred, it's thought that you can perform calculations that would be difficult to impossible to do on traditional computer hardware.

Enlarge / How Soviet-era Russia looks inside Atomic Heart, at least at the beginning. (credit: Mundfish / Focus Entertainment)

Ukraine's Digital Ministry has said it will ask Steam, Microsoft, and Sony to remove Atomic Heart from their gaming platforms in Ukraine, and possibly elsewhere, pointing to its retro-Communist aesthetic and reported "Russian roots."

As reported by the Ukrainian tech news/job site Dev.ua (Google translation), Ukraine's Ministry of Digital Transformation (which also provided a statement in English to PCGamesN) writes that Atomic Heart "has Russian roots and romanticizes communist ideology and the Soviet Union." The Ministry cites the game's "toxicity," "potential data collection of users," and use of funds from the game "to conduct a war against Ukraine." The statement asks for an outright ban on the game in Ukraine but calls on other countries to consider "limiting distribution" of the game.

The Ministry also cites "media reports" regarding development funds coming from Russian enterprises and banks under sanction and "systematically important for the Russian government" (according to Google translation).

Enlarge / Attorney Eric Schnapper speaks to reporters outside of the US Supreme Court following oral arguments for the case Twitter v. Taamneh on February 22, 2023, in Washington, DC. (credit: Anna Moneymaker / Staff | Getty Images North America)

Today it was Twitter’s turn to argue before the Supreme Court in another case this week that experts fear could end up weakening Section 230 protections for social networks hosting third-party content. In Twitter v. Taamneh, the Supreme Court must decide if under the Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorists Act (JASTA), online platforms should be held liable for aiding and abetting terrorist organizations that are known to be using their services to recruit fighters and plan attacks.

After close to three hours of arguments, justices still appear divided on how to address the complicated question, and Twitter's defense was not as strong as some justices seemingly thought it could be.

Twitter attorney Seth Waxman argued that the social network and other defendants, Google and Meta, should not be liable under JASTA, partly because the act of providing the same general services—which anyone on their platforms can access—does not alone constitute providing substantial assistance to an individual planning a terrorist attack.

Enlarge / Brewing kombucha tea. Note the trademark gel-like layer of SCOBY (symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast). (credit: Olga Pankova/Getty Images)

Cheap, light, flexible, yet robust circuit boards are critical for wearable electronics, among other applications. In the future, those electronics might be printed on flexible circuits made out of bacterial cultures used to make the popular fermented black tea drink called kombucha, according to a recent paper posted to the arXiv preprint server.

As we've reported previously, making kombucha merely requires combining tea and sugar with a kombucha culture known as a SCOBY (symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast), aka the "mother"—also known as a tea mushroom, tea fungus, or a Manchurian mushroom. It's akin to a sourdough starter. A SCOBY is a firm, gel-like collection of cellulose fiber (biofilm), courtesy of the active bacteria in the culture creating the perfect breeding ground for the yeast and bacteria to flourish. Dissolve the sugar in non-chlorinated boiling water, then steep some tea leaves of your choice in the hot sugar-water before discarding them.

Once the tea cools, add the SCOBY and pour the whole thing into a sterilized beaker or jar. Then cover the beaker or jar with a paper towel or cheesecloth to keep out insects, let it sit for two to three weeks, and voila! You've got your own home-brewed kombucha. A new "daughter" SCOBY will be floating right at the top of the liquid (technically known in this form as a pellicle).

Enlarge (credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, and STScI)

How soon after the Big Bang could stars and galaxies start to form? It has been a difficult question to answer, as much of the light from the first stars has been shifted deep into the infrared during the billions of years it has spent traveling to Earth. One of the design goals of the Webb Telescope was to create a telescope that could pick up this light and tell us something about the early history of the Universe. And initial data has been very promising, with astronomers seemingly racing each other to find the most distant galaxy yet observed.

Now, a new study looks into the properties of a set of distant galaxies, showing that one of them appears to be larger than the Milky Way at only 700 million years after the Big Bang. If the results hold up, then the number of galaxies of this size may be difficult to reconcile with the forces we think built the Universe.

Going deep

The technique for spotting early galaxies is fairly simple. The earliest stars and galaxies were embedded in a Universe filled with hydrogen atoms, which can be ionized if they absorb light at specific wavelengths in the UV range. This absorption creates a distinctive feature in the light arriving from distant galaxies. Over the billions of years it takes to reach us, however, that feature has been red shifted by the expansion of the Universe so that now it appears deep in the infrared portion of the spectrum. If you can identify where it resides, then you can determine just how far away the galaxy is.