What the image of the Milky Way’s black hole really shows

Swirling plasma around its edges will reveal more about galaxy’s history, evolution.

To create the first image of the Milky Way’s black hole, scientists ran numerous simulations of the swirling envelope of plasma that encircles it.

Enlarge / To create the first image of the Milky Way’s black hole, scientists ran numerous simulations of the swirling envelope of plasma that encircles it. (credit: Knowable Magazine (CC-BY-ND))

Black holes keep their secrets close. They imprison forever anything that enters. Light itself can’t escape a black hole’s hungry pull.

It would seem, then, that a black hole should be invisible—and taking its picture impossible. So great fanfare accompanied the release in 2019 of the first image of a black hole. Then, in spring 2022, astronomers unveiled another black hole photo—this time of the one at the center of our own Milky Way.

The image shows an orange, donut-shaped blob that looks remarkably similar to the earlier picture of the black hole in the center of galaxy Messier 87. But the Milky Way’s black hole, Sagittarius A*, is actually much smaller than the first and was more difficult to see, since it required peering through the hazy disk of our galaxy. So even though the observations of our own black hole were conducted at the same time as M87’s, it took three additional years to create the picture. Doing so required an international collaboration of hundreds of astronomers, engineers, and computer scientists and the development of sophisticated computer algorithms to piece together the image from the raw data.

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What the image of the Milky Way’s black hole really shows

Swirling plasma around its edges will reveal more about galaxy’s history, evolution.

To create the first image of the Milky Way’s black hole, scientists ran numerous simulations of the swirling envelope of plasma that encircles it.

Enlarge / To create the first image of the Milky Way’s black hole, scientists ran numerous simulations of the swirling envelope of plasma that encircles it. (credit: Knowable Magazine (CC-BY-ND))

Black holes keep their secrets close. They imprison forever anything that enters. Light itself can’t escape a black hole’s hungry pull.

It would seem, then, that a black hole should be invisible—and taking its picture impossible. So great fanfare accompanied the release in 2019 of the first image of a black hole. Then, in spring 2022, astronomers unveiled another black hole photo—this time of the one at the center of our own Milky Way.

The image shows an orange, donut-shaped blob that looks remarkably similar to the earlier picture of the black hole in the center of galaxy Messier 87. But the Milky Way’s black hole, Sagittarius A*, is actually much smaller than the first and was more difficult to see, since it required peering through the hazy disk of our galaxy. So even though the observations of our own black hole were conducted at the same time as M87’s, it took three additional years to create the picture. Doing so required an international collaboration of hundreds of astronomers, engineers, and computer scientists and the development of sophisticated computer algorithms to piece together the image from the raw data.

Read 16 remaining paragraphs | Comments

Court Upholds Piracy Blocking Order Against Cloudflare’s 1.1.1.1 DNS Resolver

The Court of Rome has confirmed that Cloudflare must block three torrent sites through its public 1.1.1.1 DNS resolver. The blockade was requested by several major record labels and arrives after Italy’s telecoms regulator ordered local ISPs to block the sites. Cloudflare is not pleased with the order and previously noted that such broad measures set a dangerous precedent.

From: TF, for the latest news on copyright battles, piracy and more.

1111Website blocking has become an increasingly common anti-piracy tool around the globe.

In dozens of countries, ISPs have been ordered by courts to block pirate sites, usually on copyright grounds. More recently, neutral DNS providers have been targeted as well.

Earlier this year, an Italian court ordered Cloudflare to block three torrent sites on its public 1.1.1.1 DNS resolver. The order applies to kickasstorrents.to, limetorrents.pro, and ilcorsaronero.pro, three domains that are already blocked by ISPs in Italy following an order from local regulator AGCOM.

Cloudflare Appeals DNS Blocking Order

Disappointed by the ruling, Cloudflare filed an appeal at the Court of Milan. The internet infrastructure company doesn’t object to blocking requests that target its customers’ websites but believes that interfering with its DNS resolver is problematic, as those measures are not easy to restrict geographically.

“Because such a block would apply globally to all users of the resolver, regardless of where they are located, it would affect end users outside of the blocking government’s jurisdiction,” Cloudflare recently said.

“We therefore evaluate any government requests or court orders to block content through a globally available public recursive resolver as requests or orders to block content globally.”

At the court of appeal, Cloudflare argued that DNS blocking is an ineffective measure that can be easily bypassed, with a VPN for example. In addition, it contested that it is subject to the jurisdiction of an Italian court.

Court Dismisses Appeal

Cloudflare’s defenses failed to gain traction in court and its appeal was dismissed. DNS blocking may not be a perfect solution, but that doesn’t mean that Cloudflare can’t be compelled to intervene.

dismiss italy

The dismissal is a win for Sony Music, Warner Music, and Universal, the companies behind the complaint. It’s also seen as a clear victory by Enzo Mazza, CEO of the Italian music industry group FIMI.

“This is an important decision for Italy and beyond. Cloudflare, as well as other intermediaries providing similar services, should step up their efforts in preventing users access to illegal websites which were ordered to be blocked,” Mazza says.

Global music industry group IFPI agrees. According to Chief Executive Frances Moore, the order sets an important precedent.

“By upholding the original order against CloudFlare, the Court of Milan has set an important precedent that online intermediaries can be required to take effective action if their services are used for music piracy,” Moore notes.

A Precedent

This is the first time that Cloudflare has been ordered to make pirate sites unavailable through its public DNS resolver 1.1.1.1. This is an important expansion since many Italians switched to public DNS resolvers to bypass ISP blocking measures. With the court order, rightsholders can remove this shortcut.

While this type of order is new in Italy, a similar blocking injunction was requested in Germany last year. A local court ordered DNS provider Quad9 to block a pirate site but the decision is still under appeal.

Cloudflare believes that these types of orders set a dangerous precedent. The company previously said that it hadn’t actually blocked content through the 1.1.1.1 Public DNS Resolver. Instead, it implemented an “alternative remedy” to comply with the Italian court order.

TorrentFreak reached out to Cloudflare for a comment on the dismissal but we received no immediate response.

A copy of the court of appeal’s decision is available here

From: TF, for the latest news on copyright battles, piracy and more.

Meta lays off 11,000 workers; Zuckerberg says his investments didn’t pay off

Zuck: Meta hired too many people, expansion “did not play out the way I expected.”

A photo of Mark Zuckerberg from the shoulders up.

Enlarge / Mark Zuckerberg. (credit: Getty Images | Drew Angerer )

Meta is laying off 11,000 employees, about 13 percent of its workforce, CEO Mark Zuckerberg wrote in a message to staff today. Zuckerberg said his previous decision to increase spending didn't pay off as he thought it would and that Meta's "revenue outlook is lower than we expected at the beginning of this year."

Meta had 87,314 employees as of September 30, 2022, an increase of 28 percent over the previous 12 months.

"At the start of Covid, the world rapidly moved online and the surge of e-commerce led to outsized revenue growth. Many people predicted this would be a permanent acceleration that would continue even after the pandemic ended," Zuckerberg wrote. "I did too, so I made the decision to significantly increase our investments. Unfortunately, this did not play out the way I expected. Not only has online commerce returned to prior trends, but the macroeconomic downturn, increased competition, and ads signal loss have caused our revenue to be much lower than I'd expected. I got this wrong, and I take responsibility for that."

Read 8 remaining paragraphs | Comments

Meta lays off 11,000 workers; Zuckerberg says his investments didn’t pay off

Zuck: Meta hired too many people, expansion “did not play out the way I expected.”

A photo of Mark Zuckerberg from the shoulders up.

Enlarge / Mark Zuckerberg. (credit: Getty Images | Drew Angerer )

Meta is laying off 11,000 employees, about 13 percent of its workforce, CEO Mark Zuckerberg wrote in a message to staff today. Zuckerberg said his previous decision to increase spending didn't pay off as he thought it would and that Meta's "revenue outlook is lower than we expected at the beginning of this year."

Meta had 87,314 employees as of September 30, 2022, an increase of 28 percent over the previous 12 months.

"At the start of Covid, the world rapidly moved online and the surge of e-commerce led to outsized revenue growth. Many people predicted this would be a permanent acceleration that would continue even after the pandemic ended," Zuckerberg wrote. "I did too, so I made the decision to significantly increase our investments. Unfortunately, this did not play out the way I expected. Not only has online commerce returned to prior trends, but the macroeconomic downturn, increased competition, and ads signal loss have caused our revenue to be much lower than I'd expected. I got this wrong, and I take responsibility for that."

Read 8 remaining paragraphs | Comments