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PC gamers were dismayed on Christmas Day to find that Valve's popular (and arguably essential) Steam store had gone haywire before becoming entirely inaccessible. Logged-in users were seeing account data that didn't belong to them, with partial credit card numbers, phone numbers, e-mail addresses, billing addresses, and purchase histories all visible. This happened for a period of about an hour and a half, from 14:50 to 16:20 EST on Christmas Day, after which the service went down entirely.

Valve has published an explanation of what happened and why. Steam routinely suffers from denial of service attacks. On Christmas Day, this traffic exploded. The Steam Store was already busy, due to the Winter Sale, and the denial of service attacks pushed the load to 20 times the normal load.

To handle the load of the attack, Valve's Web caching partner rolled out an updated configuration that resulted in personal, authenticated pages being cached and subsequently served to users they didn't belong to. After about 90 minutes the error was spotted. The Steam Store was taken offline entirely, the cache configuration was repaired, and the erroneously cached data was purged. Normal operation resumed thereafter.

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On Tuesday, lawyers representing CBS and Paramount Studios sued Axanar Productions, a company formed by a group of fans attempting to make professional-quality Star Trek fan-fiction movies, for copyright infringement.

"The Axanar Works are intended to be professional quality productions that, by Defendants’ own admission, unabashedly take Paramount’s and CBS’s intellectual property and aim to 'look and feel like a true Star Trek movie,’” the complaint reads (PDF).

Axanar Productions released a short 20-minute film called Prelude to Axanar in 2014, in which retired Starfleet leaders talk about their experiences in the Four Years War, a war between the Federation and the Klingons that occurred in the Star Trek universe before The Original Series began. The feature-length Axanar is scheduled to premier in 2016 and follows the story of Captain Kirk's hero, Garth of Izar. Both productions were funded on Kickstarter and Indiegogo, raising more than $1.1 million from fans.

(credit: Wikimedia Commons)

When it comes to evolution, people tend to focus on the big driving force of natural selection, which latches on to helpful mutations while purging the harmful ones. But there are other processes that change the frequencies of mutations—everything from random drift to the founding of small isolated populations.

Looking at our own species' history, we would expect to see some of this in action. After modern humans established themselves in Africa, smaller populations branched out to establish footholds in Asia before spreading east, eventually reaching the Americas. At each step, a small group of migrants took a fraction of humanity's genetic diversity with it, creating a series of population bottlenecks.

This should be easy to see in our DNA, but so far it has turned out to be complicated. Different attempts using distinct populations and methods have come to mixed conclusions about whether a clear signal is there. Now, a large international team of researchers has gone and sequenced genomes from multiple populations along humanity's route out of Africa, and they found a signature of these bottlenecks both in terms of genetic variation and in terms of potentially harmful mutations.